写作指导

实证论文摘要的三种写法

时间：2023-04-04 22:37 所属分类：写作指导 点击次数：

读完摘要，审稿人对论文的第一印象基本就形成了，SSCI实证论文也不例外。然而，SSCI实证论文摘要的写作，对很多作者来说是个难点。不仅难在提炼论文内容，也难在组织英文句子结构与措辞。一段逻辑混乱、表述不清的摘要，很可能导致论文直接被拒。因此本文结合已刊发的SSCI一区论文，归纳总结出实证论文摘要的三种写作模板。

五脏俱全式写法是指包含了摘要所有要素的写法。目前，大多数作者会按照该写法来撰写摘要，其好处是比较保险，不易出错，适用于大部分期刊。具体来说，就是通过研究背景引出论文研究主题，突出主题的重要性。之后，呈现自己的研究问题，然后介绍研究方法，得出研究结果。最后，基于上述结果说明启示。注意，五要素齐全并不意味着篇幅冗长、表述啰嗦。在有限的字数内，我们依然可以呈现出“麻雀虽小、五脏俱全”的摘要。

Positive peer and romantic relationships are crucial for adolescents' positive adjustment and relationships with parents lay the foundation for these relationships. This longitudinal meta-analysis examined how parent-adolescent relationships continue into later peer and romantic relationships. Included longitudinal studies (k = 54 involving peer relationships, k = 38 involving romantic relationships) contained demographically diverse samples from predominantly Western cultural contexts. Multilevel meta-regressions indicated that supportive and negative parent-adolescent relationships were associated with supportive and negative future peer and romantic relationships. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (k = 54) indicated that supportive parent-adolescent relationships unidirectionally predicted supportive and negative peer relationships, while negative parent-adolescent relationships were bidirectionally associated with supportive and negative peer relationships. Maintaining mutually supportive relationships with parents may help adolescents to develop positive social relationships.（积极的同伴关系和恋爱关系对青少年的积极适应至关重要，而与父母的关系为上述两种关系奠定了基础。这项纵向元分析研究了父母与青少年之间的关系如何延续到后来的同伴关系和恋爱关系。纳入的纵向研究(k = 54涉及同伴关系，k = 38涉及浪漫关系)包含主要来自西方文化背景的人口统计学差异样本。多层次元回归结果显示，支持型和消极型的父母-青少年关系与支持型和消型的未来同伴关系和浪漫关系相关。元分析结构方程模型(k = 54)表明，支持型父母-青少年关系单向预测支持型和消极型同伴关系，而消极型父母-青少年关系双向预测支持型和消极型同伴关系。与父母保持相互支持的关系可以帮助青少年发展积极的社会关系。）

这段摘要来自Child Development（《儿童发展》）期刊的The future is present in the past: A meta-analysis on the longitudinal associations of parent-adolescent relationships with peer and romantic relationships。该摘要虽然包含了五要素，但只有125个单词，短小且精炼。作者先通过“be crucial for”与“lay the foundation for”引出研究主题，亮明其重要性。之后使用“This longitudinal meta-analysis examined...”说明研究目的。紫色部分为研究方法，即采用了“西方文化背景的人口统计学差异样本”。然后通过两个“...indicated that...”这一句型得出研究结果“支持型和消极型的父母-青少年关系与支持型和消极型的未来同伴关系和浪漫关系相关”“支持型父母-青少年关系单向预测支持型和消极型同伴关系，而消极型父母-青少年关系双向预测支持型和消极型同伴关系”。最后用简短的一句话“与父母保持相互支持的关系可以帮助青少年发展积极的社会关系”说明了论文启示。

二、开门见山式写法：研究目的+研究思路+研究结果+政策建议

上文“五脏俱全式写法”虽然要素齐全，但相对迂回，而“开门见山式写法”直接进入论文正题，将评审专家或读者最关心的研究目的放在段首，能够最大程度上满足专家的好奇心，让读者迅速了解论文核心内容。具体来说，在摘要开头，直接简单利落地抛出研究目的，引出自己的研究思路。之后，得出研究结果，再论述本文从中能得到哪些政策建议。在目标期刊对字数有严格限制时也可以使用这类结构，此时需要压缩研究结果与政策建议的篇幅，比如研究结果用一到两句话、政策建议用一句话阐明即可。

【模板句式】This study examines / aims to...（本文研究目的）. By analysing the relationship between A and B（分析两个变量的关系）, we find that ...could negatively/positively impact access to（产生消极/积极影响）... More specifically,...（展开论述研究结果）. The results also indicate that, ...（另一个研究结果）. The practical implications of this paper are that, ...（政策建议）.

This study examines the impact of financial regulation on financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa, considering the moderating role of financial stability. By analysing the relationship between financial inclusion and the most prominent macro-prudential regulation (capital adequacy), we find that tightening prudential regulations could negatively impact access to finance, thereby conflicting with Sub-Saharan African economies' financial inclusion goals. More specifically, the capital adequacy requirement tremendously reduces banks' capacity to provide financial services and this could lead to credit rationing thereby reducing financial inclusion. The results also indicate that, the interaction of financial regulation with financial stability positively impacts financial inclusion. Thus, financial stability augments financial regulation to have an affirmative impact on financial inclusion. The practical implications of this paper are that, one of the ways central governments and policy makers in Sub-Saharan African countries can increase and get the most out of financial inclusion is to formulate policies targeted at reducing capital adequacy requirements of financial institutions and other constraints that limit the operations and efficiency of financial institutions. Such policies should also aim at creating an enabling environment to promote financial stability.（本研究考察了金融监管对撒哈拉以南非洲地区普惠金融的影响，以及金融稳定的调节作用。通过分析普惠金融与最突出的宏观审慎监管(资本充足率)之间的关系，我们发现，收紧审慎监管可能会对融资渠道产生负面影响，从而与撒哈拉以南非洲经济体的普惠金融目标相冲突。更具体地说，资本充足率要求极大地降低了银行提供金融服务的能力，这可能引起信贷配给，从而降低金融包容性。研究结果还表明，金融监管与金融稳定的相互作用对普惠金融有积极影响。因此，金融稳定增强了金融监管，对普惠金融产生积极影响。本文的实践意义是，若撒哈拉以南非洲国家的中央政府和政策制定者想加强并充分利用普惠金融，可在降低金融机构资本充足率要求和其他限制金融机构运营和效率的限制方面制定政策。这些政策还应以创造有利环境为目标，从而促进金融稳定。）

这段摘要来自Research In International Business And Finance（《国际商业和金融研究》）期刊的Financial regulation and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does financial stability play a moderating role?作者用了非常简单的句型This study examines the impact of...引出研究问题“金融监管对撒哈拉以南非洲地区普惠金融的影响”，之后通过“By analysing the relationship between...”引出研究思路“分析普惠金融与最突出的宏观审慎监管（资本充足率）之间的关系”，由于这部分不是该摘要重点，所以作者仅使用了By doing...这一介词短语的形式，带出真正的主句，也即第一个研究结果“收紧审慎监管可能会对融资渠道产生负面影响，从而与撒哈拉以南非洲经济体的普惠金融目标相冲突”。之后通过“The results also indicate that...”再提出第二个研究结果“金融监管与金融稳定的相互作用对普惠金融有积极影响”。最后，使用“The practical implications of this paper are that...”与“Such policies should also aim att...”交代清楚文章的政策建议，比如“在降低金融机构资本充足率要求和其他限制金融机构运营和效率的限制方面制定政策”。

三、欲扬先抑式写法：研究不足+研究问题+研究发现

上述两种写法都是比较常规的摘要结构。此外，我们也可另辟蹊径，使用“欲扬先抑式写法”。其中，“抑”是指开头先介绍不够完美、存在不足的已有研究现状，从而引出摘要要“扬”的研究不足，目的是在摘要开头使用转折手法形成鲜明对比，强调研究不足，以此吸引审稿人的注意力。之后，澄清研究问题，得出研究发现。该写法可以不强调研究方法，但更看重研究发现；看似结构要素较少，但要注意，段首的研究不足不建议直接给出“目前较少研究这方面”，否则略显突兀。建议大家先介绍研究现状，再通过however等转折词引出论文的研究问题。

The relationship between grit and success has been investigated extensively in various contexts. However, the association between grit and language performance, especially in a Chinese high school context, remains underexplored. This study investigates grit, the positive emotion of enjoyment, the negative emotion of anxiety, foreign language performance, and how enjoyment and anxiety mediate the relationship between grit and foreign language performance. A questionnaire was administered to 697 Chinese high school students, followed by a language test after 2 weeks. The results showed that more than half of the students had a moderate-high level of grit and foreign language enjoyment and that nearly half of them experienced a low-moderate level of foreign language anxiety. It was also found that grit, foreign language enjoyment, and foreign language performance were positively correlated with each other, and all three variables were negatively correlated with anxiety. Both foreign language enjoyment and foreign language anxiety mediated the relationship between grit and foreign language performance to a significant degree, and the mediating effect of foreign language anxiety was stronger than that of foreign language enjoyment.（毅力和成功之间的关系已经在各种背景下被广泛研究过。然而，毅力和语言表现之间的关系，尤其是在中国高中环境下，仍未得到充分的研究。本研究考察了毅力、快乐的积极情绪、焦虑的消极情绪、外语学习成绩，以及快乐和焦虑在毅力和外语学习成绩之间的中介作用。研究人员对697名中国高中生进行了问卷调查，两周后进行了语言测试。结果表明，超过一半的学生有中高水平的毅力和外语享受，近一半的学生经历了中低水平的外语焦虑。研究还发现，毅力、外语享受和外语表现三者之间呈正相关，而这三个变量都与焦虑呈负相关。外语享受和外语焦虑在毅力与外语成绩之间有显著的中介作用，且外语焦虑的中介作用强于外语享受。）